Established relationship. Approved-product pharmacology. Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist. That is established pharmacology of the approved products, not a claim that every research vial matches them.

Established relationship. Approved-product pharmacology. Tirzepatide selectively binds and activates the GLP-1 receptor. It is a dual agonist, so this is only half of its labeled pharmacology.

Established relationship. Approved-product pharmacology. The same label describes tirzepatide as a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist that activates the GIP receptor.

Established relationship. Human research. Published trials describe retatrutide as a triple hormone-receptor agonist, including GLP-1. The trials are not an FDA approval.

Established relationship. Human research. GIP-receptor activity is part of that same triple-agonist description. Weight-loss results do not approve the drug.

Established relationship. Human research. Glucagon-receptor activity is the third named pharmacology. It does not mean the glucagon effect has a proven clinical benefit of its own.

Established relationship. Review or regulatory summary. Sermorelin is GHRH(1–29) and stimulates pituitary growth-hormone release. Geref was discontinued. This is not a current approval.

Established relationship. Approved-product pharmacology. Tesamorelin is a growth hormone–releasing hormone analog. The approved use is visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy, not general fat loss.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. Modified GRF(1–29) was designed around the GHRH receptor. The multi-day human GH studies used CJC-1295 with DAC, a different molecule.

Established relationship. Human research. Ipamorelin is a selective ghrelin-receptor agonist and raised growth hormone in human volunteers. The postoperative trial did not show a clinical benefit.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. The blend name usually means CJC-1295 without DAC plus ipamorelin. There is no trial showing the pair is better than either peptide alone.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. Ipamorelin is the second ingredient in that naming convention. Selling them together does not create one molecule or one proven effect.

Established relationship. Chemical or biochemical identity. LR3 is an IGF-1 receptor–binding analog with much weaker IGF-binding-protein affinity. Animal and cell work does not establish human muscle growth.

Established relationship. Approved-product pharmacology. Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor agonist. The labeled use is a specific sexual-desire disorder, not tanning and not athletic performance.

Supported, with limits. Human research. Melanotan II is a melanocortin analog. Small human studies reported tanning and erections. It is not an approved drug and not the same as Vyleesi.

Supported, with limits. Chemical or biochemical identity. Elamipretide is studied as a cardiolipin-binding peptide. The FDA approval is for muscle strength in Barth syndrome, not for longevity.

Established relationship. Chemical or biochemical identity. MOTS-c is encoded by a short open reading frame in mitochondrial DNA. That is its origin, not a treatment result.

Established relationship. Chemical or biochemical identity. NAD+ is a coenzyme in redox reactions. This edge is about the molecule’s normal biochemistry, not about infusion benefits.

Preliminary. Animal research. BDNF and NGF messenger-RNA changes are laboratory and animal findings. They are not proof of cognitive enhancement or stroke recovery in routine care.

Preliminary. Animal research. Rat and cell experiments reported GABA-related gene changes. One Selank cytokine abstract also names Semax in a results sentence, so related Russian-literature claims need care. This is not a GABA-A drug.

Supported, with limits. Human research. Human trials exist, including the TESTS sepsis trial. The corrected primary result did not show a significant mortality benefit. Hepatitis evidence is low or very low certainty.

Established relationship. Chemical or biochemical identity. KPV is Lys-Pro-Val, the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH. Derivation is not the same as copying the parent hormone’s effects.

Preliminary. Cell or tissue research. Inflammation experiments used cells, excised tissue, or animals. The FDA assessment did not identify human clinical trials of KPV.

Preliminary. Animal research. Tendon and vessel findings are largely preclinical. The 2026 human review covered three studies and 30 people, at very low certainty.

Established relationship. Chemical or biochemical identity. Doping-control chemistry identified TB-500 as acetyl-LKKTETQ. Full-length thymosin beta-4 eye trials do not belong to that fragment.

Supported, with limits. Review or regulatory summary. GHK-Cu binds copper. Human evidence is mainly small topical cosmetic studies, not injectable efficacy and not an FDA drug approval.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. KLOW is marketed as a mixture that includes GHK-Cu. No controlled trial has tested the four-peptide blend.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. BPC-157 is named as a second ingredient. Its own evidence does not transfer to the blend.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. TB-500 is named as a third ingredient. Fragment and full-length thymosin beta-4 are still not interchangeable.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. KPV is the fourth named ingredient. It lives in the immune cluster because that is where its own research sits.

Preliminary. Review or regulatory summary. The blend is BPC-157 plus a TB-500-labeled product. Two ingredients, not one molecule.

Preliminary. Animal research. A 2026 rat study of the pair found no added healing benefit. The paper did not publish a sequence for its TB-500 vial, so the fragment is not established for that experiment.

Preliminary. Cell or tissue research. Telomerase and telomere findings are from cultured cells, and a 2025 paper later needed a figure correction. Mouse mean lifespan did not increase in the cited experiment.

Established relationship. Chemical or biochemical identity. AOD-9604 is a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone, not a growth-hormone-releasing drug. The early metabolic paper was a rat experiment.

Supported, with limits. Human research. Oral human studies were done. The major obesity trial did not show statistically significant weight loss versus placebo. Rabbit joint injections are a different experiment.